| Isocitric Acid From Fermentation Of Sunflower Oil - A New Building ...
The citric acid cycle, one of the most important metabolic processes in our bodies, was formulated in 1937. Since then, all of the intermediates have been produced in multigram quantities - with one exception, (2R,3S)-isocitric acid. Athanassios Giannis and his team at the University of Leipzig have finally done it. As they report in the journal Angewandte Chemie, their process, a combination of one biotechnological and one chemical step, starts with sunflower oil, a renewable starting material. Isocitric acid and its derivatives thus become accessible on a kilogram scale.
In the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA, formed in the breakdown of lipids, sugars, and amino acids, is used to produce energy that is biochemically available to an organism. Carbon dioxide and water are produced in this process.
Heart palpitations very common but can be serious
Others have dozens a day, some so strong that they feel like a heart attack. Most palpitations are caused by a harmless hiccup in the heart's rhythm. A few reflect a problem in the heart or elsewhere in the body. Sorting out worrisome palpitations from the harmless ones isn't always easy. Doctors can be quick to attribute them to anxiety, depression, or some other emotional or psychological problem. Although sometimes that's exactly right, it's important to first rule out harmful heart rhythms and other physical causes. Common complaint Palpitations are extremely common. Although most people shrug them off, they worry countless folks enough to consult a primary care physician or cardiologist. Different people experience palpitations in different ways.
Crackdown on rowdy drinkers
The Evening News revealed earlier this month how at least one complaint a day about noisy smokers is being made to the local authority on the issue. Councillor Sheila Gilmore, the city's antisocial behaviour leader, said: "The bylaw is not just for the city centre, it's intended to be used across the city. "In some other parts of the country it is against the law completely to drink outdoors unless in pavement cafes, but we didn't want to be seen as killjoys. "The police have told us that their officers will use their own judgment in every individual case and that a commonsense approach will be taken." A spokeswoman for Lothian and Borders Police told the Evening News: "We will be duty-bound to enforce the laws as set down by the Scottish Executive, working alongside the council, but we would not like to make any further comment at this stage.
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